姬松茸菌褶、担孢子及菌丝体微观形态观察

姬松茸（Agaricus brasiliensis）不仅营养丰富还具有很高的药用价值,是一种名贵的食药用菌,其产业发展前景广阔。但由于姬松茸种质资源匮乏,对姬松茸的遗传背景认识不足,阻碍了其杂交育种技术的发展,现有的种质资源难以满足实际生产需要。本研究以姬松茸J1菌株为实验材料,通过对姬松茸生殖相关结构进行微观形态观察,探究姬松茸相关的生物学特性。利用扫描电子显微镜和荧光显微镜观察姬松茸不同生长发育时期菌褶、担孢子和菌丝体微观形态特征。结果表明：桑葚期菌褶和菌髓处于发育阶段,菌褶片状物不明显;珊瑚期后能明显观察到菌褶片状物,相互平行排列,由菌髓和其两侧的子实层组成,排列紧密,厚度均匀,且着生少量担子,但菌髓呈不规则排列;成形期菌褶更为清晰、排列规整,内菌幕未破裂,菌褶间隙包含表面凸起排列的担孢子和杂乱的导管状细胞,导管状细胞紧密关联;成形期菌褶担子较为饱满,有褶皱,担子上着生有3个孢子梗或4个孢子梗,各担孢子之间有细小的连接丝。通过DAPI对担孢子核数进行染色观察,发现姬松茸大多数担孢子属于双核孢子,少量属于单核和无核孢子;通过DAPI对菌丝体细胞核进行染色观察,发现姬松茸菌丝体属于多核,有隔膜,但未见锁状联合。本研究明确了姬松茸不同生长发育时期的菌褶、担子、担孢子以及菌丝体的微观形态特征,丰富了姬松茸的生物学研究和生活史过程认识,为姬松茸杂交育种、担孢子交配型、遗传转化体系等研究奠定了基础。     

“Ch型”谷子显性核不育的遗传及其应用研究（Setaria italica）

通过对“Ch型”谷子显性核不育的遗传研究,证实“Ch型”的不育性与“澳大利亚谷”的细胞质无关,其育性是受两对显性连锁基因Ms-和Rf-上位互作控制的。其中Ms是显性不育基因,Rf是显性上位基因,当二者共同存在时,显性上位基因能抑制显性不育基因的表达,从而使不育表现可育。这种由杂交而来,并能找到“恢复系”的显性核不     

Nucleus substitution of Brassica japonica Sieb. with Raphanus sativus L. and its resultant chlorophyll deficiency

Summary Nucleus substitution of Brassica japonica (2n=20) with Raphanus sativus (2n=18) was carried out by means of repeated backcrossing of Brassicoraphavus (2n=37) to R. sativus as a pollen donor. In the course of nucleus substitution, chlorophyll deficiency appeared. Plants with more than 28 chromosomes, like their parents, had green leaves and those with 24 to 26 chromosomes had yellowish green ones. Almost all plants with 18 to 23 chromosomes showed yellow or whitish yellow. The R. sativus with B. japonica cytoplasm (2n=18) was obtained after four successive backerosses. The completely substituted R. sativus showed the same fertility as the true R. sativus used as a recurrent parent. It is assumed that the chlorophyll deficiency is caused by disharmony between the B. japonica cytoplasm and the R. sativus nucleus. The chlorophyll deficiency is discussed in comparison with male sterility or other characters which sometimes occur in alloplasmic Raphanus and Brassica species.     

2n Gamete formation in the genus Brachiaria (Poaceae: Paniceae)

Microsporogenesis of several Brachiaria species of the Brazilian collection at Embrapa Beef Cattle has been analyzed in detail. This paper reports abnormal cytokinesis in three accessions of three different species (Brachiaria humidicola, 2n = 4x = 36, Brachiaria decumbens, 2n = 4x = 36, and Brachiaria dura, 2n = 6x = 54). Chromosomes paired in bi-, tri-, and quadrivalents in these accessions, whereas chromosome segregation at meiosis I was characterized by exclusion of laggards as micronuclei. In a high number of meiocytes, the first sign of cytokinesis appeared only in metaphase II and did not divide the meiocyte into a dyad. Total absence of cytokinesis was also detected among meiocytes in the second division. Since in both cases the two metaphase plates were very close, they favored the rejoining of chromosome sets after anaphase II and formed a restitutional nucleus in telophase II. Second cytokinesis occurred after telophase II in most meiocytes. Monads, dyads, and triads with n or 2n nuclei were observed among meiotic products. The 2n gametes observed correspond to the first division restitution (FDR). The number of affected cells in each accession was variable, but the number of microspores with restitutional nucleus, including those scored in tetrads and the released ones, did not exceed 9%. Although polyploidy is common in the genus Brachiaria, its origin is still unclear. Current results suggest that 2n gametes may have contributed to the evolutionary history of the genus.     

核不育油用亚麻开花习性与杂交技术研究

核不育油用亚麻的开花习性与普通亚麻基本相同.其开花数与开花所需日数与气候条件和植株分枝多少有关,且比可育株为多.亚麻不育株与可育株的开花顺序相似,均自上而下,由里向外交替开放,各分枝的小分枝也是如此.晴朗的高温低湿天气,清晨5—6时开始开花,8时左右花全开,15时左右花才凋谢.而在低温高湿天气,不育株花的开花与凋谢时间推后.核不育亚麻的柱头生活力可以维持3—4天,以开花当天与次日的生活力最强,结实率最高,故配置杂交组合应在开花当天或次日进行,结实效果最好.花粉生活力的强弱,与温度高低也有关,在低温或冷凉条件下保存花粉,寿命最长,高温下保存的则较短.核不育亚麻作异交后,能分离出约占一半的不育株.其异交结实率的高低,将关系到育种工作的成效及杂种优势的利用.     

葡萄双受精过程的形态学观察

观察了葡萄双受精过程中雌雄性核的融合。结果表明:花粉管通过珠孔穿入退化助细胞,释放出二精子;精子核接近并贴附在卵核和次生核上,二者核膜融合,精核沉入卵核及次生核,染色质松解,并与雌性核染色质融合,出现雄性核仁,两性核仁融合,形成合子及初生胚乳核。卵核完成受精较次生核晚。受精属有丝分裂前型。精核进入卵核前看到了它的核仁。少数胚囊具有两套卵器。     

仔猪疑后核和疑核及面后核的形态与构筑

用仔猪脑干制成低粘度硝化棉连续切片,以Nissl法染色,光镜观察。结果表明:①疑后核居延髓尾侧部相当于脊髓中间外侧柱的位置。核往呈锥形,锥底朝前接疑核。细胞疏密不匀,小细胞多在后部,中等细胞多在前部,大细胞散布于中、小细胞之中。②疑核前部轮廓不清,主要由中、小细胞组成。后部的背内侧部主要由大细胞组成;腹外侧部主要由聚集成团的小细胞组成。③面后核在面神经核后方,由中等细胞组成背、腹二密集的细胞群。     

酸枣仁散对运输应激大鼠脑内5-HT表达的影响

为研究运输应激对脑内五羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)表达的影响及酸枣仁散对运输应激的调控作用,试验采用摇床模拟公路运输途中的摇晃、高温和拥挤等因素,建立大鼠运输应激模型(35℃,60r/min,每天应激2h,连续7d)。将40只大鼠随机分为对照组、酸枣仁组、应激组和应激+酸枣仁组,分别处理7d后,断头取脑,利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)和免疫组化法检测各组大鼠脑区5-HT含量变化及分布。酶联免疫吸附法检测结果显示,与对照组相比,应激组大鼠中缝核、海马和纹状体等脑区5-HT表达量均明显减少(P0.05),应激+酸枣仁组较应激组5-HT表达量显著增加(P0.05)。免疫组化结果显示,在中缝背核及其亚核DRDsh、DRv和DRc亚核,应激组大鼠5-HT灰度值与对照组相比显著下降(P0.05),应激+酸枣仁组与应激组相比显著上升(P0.05)。以上结果表明,运输应激可以导致中枢神经系统部分脑区5-HT含量下降,而酸枣仁散可能通过上调脑内5-HT的含量来调控运输应激。     

甘蓝型油菜细胞核雄性不育材料9012A的发现与初步研究

作者在甘蓝型油菜中发现了一类新的细胞核雄性不育材料9012A,其不育性状受两对隐性重叠不育基因和一对隐性上位可育基因互作控制,上位可育基因呈纯合隐性状态时,对隐性不育基因起上位抑制作用。根据其遗传原理,可选育到两类育性分离比稳定在1:1的核不育两用系,实现二系法制种,同时,还可选育到上位临时保持系,实行核不育三系制种。在甘蓝型油菜中至少存在两套不同的隐性重叠不育基因,彼此独立控制不育性。本文还讨论了存在于9012A 中的纯合隐性上位可育基因的广义性。9012A 恢复源广,品质性状,农艺性状优良,可望成为优质杂交油菜选育的重要基础材料。     

开放核心群育种体系(ONBS)研究 Ⅱ.用个体混合模型估计选择和迁移反应

提出了适用于开放育种群体的个体混合模型（动物模型）及其随机变量的数学特征，介绍了通过亲本配子贡献矩阵剖析系统中选择和迁移遗传学效应的原理和方法．